Politicians and pundits frequently refer to the ability of the President of the United States to "create jobs" in the U.S. during his or her term in office. The numbers are most often seen during the election season or in regard to a President's economic legacy. The numbers typically used and most frequently cited by economists are total nonfarm payroll employment numbers as collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on a monthly and annual basis.
Contents |
The job numbers are collected via a survey of thousands of businesses. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period (which includes the 12th of the month), including persons on paid leave.
As of 2005, the sample includes about 160,000 businesses and government agencies covering approximately 400,000 individual worksites. These job counts are monthly estimates based on data provided by employers (adjusted annually to a near census of total jobs provided by mandatory unemployment insurance filings) and also reflect those with multiple employers who are counted with each employer.
The exact usefulness of these numbers is debated. On the one hand, they include only nonfarm payroll employment, which excludes certain types of jobs, notably the self-employed. However, as a semi-balancing factor, they count one person with two jobs as two employed persons.
Additionally, for at least the first eight months of a President's term, he inherits a budget proposed and implemented by his predecessor (as well as an overall economy which may be in decline or recovery). The data in columns shown for September (in bold) correlate better with the federal fiscal year starting each October, showing the impact of a given president and resulting federal budget on the job count.
Moreover, according to the United States Constitution, the United States Congress is responsible for government spending and thus, regardless of Presidential advocacy, bears constitutional responsibility for such things as spending and tax policy that have enormous effects upon the economy. Furthermore, it is debatable how much effect any President realistically could have on a system as large, diverse, and complex as the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, the nonfarm payrolls number is the one most frequently used in the media and by economists, largely because the alternative (household survey numbers) is thought to drastically overestimate employment.
Another factor to consider is population growth, which provides opportunities for the creation of jobs, rendering these figures less impressive, or in the case of the already subpar, clearly insufficient.
The Heritage Foundation has pointed to Alan Greenspan's general economic optimism (in 2004) as support for household survey numbers over payroll numbers. However, the subsequent downturn, and Greenspan's admission of having been wrong, may have discredited that view.
Numbers listed from 1941 and onward are BLS data[1] of jobs (in thousands), and are shown from the year beginning and ending each presidential term. The monthly statistics are quoted from January, as U.S. presidents take office at the end of that month, and from September (bold), as this is the last month of the federal fiscal year[2]. That is, the election in November will cause a president to take office at the end of January and begin the process of passing a federal budget which takes effect in the October following the election year.
| U.S. president | Party | Term years | Start jobs (Jan) |
Start jobs (Sept) |
End jobs (Jan) |
End jobs (Sept) |
Created (Jan) |
Created (Sept) |
Ave annual increase (Jan) |
Ave annual increase (Sept) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harding/Coolidge | R | 1921–1925 | 25,000 ** | 29,500 ** | +4,500 ** | +4.23% ** | ||||
| Calvin Coolidge | R | 1925–1929 | 29,500 ** | 32,100 ** | +2,600 ** | +2.13% ** | ||||
| Herbert Hoover | R | 1929–1933 | 32,100 ** | 25,700 ** | -6,400 ** | -5.41% ** | ||||
| Franklin Roosevelt | D | 1933–1937 | 25,700 ** | 31,200 ** | +5,500 ** | +4.97% ** | ||||
| Franklin Roosevelt | D | 1937–1941 | 31,200 ** | 34,480 | 37,836 | +3,280 ** | +2.53% ** | |||
| Franklin Roosevelt | D | 1941–1945 | 34,480 | 37,836 | 41,903 | 38,500 | +7,423 | +664 | +5.00% | +0.44% |
| Roosevelt/Truman | D | 1945–1949 | 41,903 | 38,500 | 44,675 | 43,784 | +2,772 | +5,284 | +1.61% | +3.27% |
| Harry Truman | D | 1949–1953 | 44,675 | 43,784 | 50,145 | 50,365 | +5,470 | +6,581 | +2.93% | +3.56% |
| Dwight Eisenhower | R | 1953–1957 | 50,145 | 50,365 | 52,888 | 52,932 | +2,743 | +2,567 | +1.34% | +1.25% |
| Dwight Eisenhower | R | 1957–1961 | 52,888 | 52,932 | 53,683 | 54,387 | +795 | +1,455 | +0.37% | +0.68% |
| Kennedy/Johnson | D | 1961–1965 | 53,683 | 54,387 | 59,583 | 61,490 | +5,900 | +7,103 | +2.64% | +3.12% |
| Lyndon Johnson | D | 1965–1969 | 59,583 | 61,490 | 69,438 | 70,918 | +9,855 | +9,428 | +3.90% | +3.63% |
| Richard Nixon | R | 1969–1973 | 69,438 | 70,918 | 75,620 | 77,281 | +6,182 | +6,363 | +2.16% | +2.17% |
| Nixon/Ford | R | 1973–1977 | 75,620 | 77,281 | 80,692 | 83,532 | +5,072 | +6,251 | +1.64% | +1.96% |
| Jimmy Carter | D | 1977–1981 | 80,692 | 83,532 | 91,031 | 91,471 | +10,339 | +7,939 | +3.06% | +2.30% |
| Ronald Reagan | R | 1981–1985 | 91,031 | 91,471 | 96,353 | 98,023 | +5,322 | +6,552 | +1.43% | +1.75% |
| Ronald Reagan | R | 1985–1989 | 96,353 | 98,023 | 107,133 | 108,326 | +10,780 | +10,303 | +2.69% | +2.53% |
| George H. W. Bush | R | 1989–1993 | 107,133 | 108,326 | 109,725 | 111,360 | +2,592 | +3,034 | +0.60% | +0.69% |
| Bill Clinton | D | 1993–1997 | 109,725 | 111,360 | 121,231 | 123,417 | +11,506 | +12,057 | +2.52% | +2.60% |
| Bill Clinton | D | 1997–2001 | 121,231 | 123,417 | 132,469 | 131,518 | +11,238 | +8,101 | +2.24% | +1.60% |
| George W. Bush | R | 2001–2005 | 132,469 | 131,518 | 132,453 | 134,237 | -16 | +2,719 | -0.00% | +0.51% |
| George W. Bush | R | 2005–2009 | 132,453 | 134,237 | 133,563 | 129,726 | +1,110 | -4,511 | +0.21% | -0.85% |
| Barack Obama | D | 2009–2013 | 133,563 | 129,726 | 130,328 (through 2011) |
131,334 (through 2011) |
-3,235 (through 2011) |
+1,608 (through 2011) |
-1.22% (through 2011) |
+0.62% (through 2011) |
**Approximate
For information on the United States public debt divided by Gross Domestic Product by Presidential term, see National Debt by U.S. presidential terms